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Given a length-\(kG\) random-effects estimate \(\hat\alpha = \mathrm{vec}_{\mathrm{col}}(M)\) (column-stacked, \(M \in \mathbb R^{G \times k}\)) and the right-side covariance Sigma_right, returns the weighted moment estimate $$\hat\Sigma_{\mathrm{left}} = \tfrac{1}{G}\, M^{\top}\, \Sigma_{\mathrm{right}}^{-1}\, M.$$

Usage

estimate_kronecker_components(alpha, n_groups, q_left = 2L, Sigma_right = NULL)

Arguments

alpha

Numeric vector of length \(kG\).

n_groups

Integer \(G\).

q_left

Integer \(k\), the left (within) dimension. Defaults to 2 for backward compatibility with the OD setting.

Sigma_right

Optional \(G \times G\) positive-definite covariance. If NULL, the unweighted sample covariance cov(alpha_mat) is returned (unbiased only when rows are uncorrelated).

Value

A \(k \times k\) symmetric positive-definite matrix.

Details

This is unbiased under the Kronecker model \(\alpha \sim N(0, \Sigma_{\mathrm{left}} \otimes \Sigma_{\mathrm{right}})\) when Sigma_right is correct. When \(\hat\alpha\) is the BLUP rather than the true \(\alpha\), apply the EM-style correction in vcmm (handled automatically by fit_ss / fit_csl).

Backwards-compatible alias: if q_left = 2 (the default), this is the same estimator as the previous estimate_kronecker_components for the OD setting.

References

Jalili, L. and Lin, L.-H. (2025). Scalable and Communication-Efficient Varying Coefficient Mixed-Effects Models.